April 5, 2023

Understanding Qakbot Infections and Attack Paths

Explore the network-based analysis of Qakbot infections with Darktrace. Learn about the various attack paths used by cybercriminals and Darktrace's response.

Written by

Sam Lister

Specialist Security Researcher

Written by

Connor Mooney

SOC Analyst

Inside the SOC

Darktrace cyber analysts are world-class experts in threat intelligence, threat hunting and incident response, and provide 24/7 SOC support to thousands of Darktrace customers around the globe. Inside the SOC is exclusively authored by these experts, providing analysis of cyber incidents and threat trends, based on real-world experience in the field.

Written by

Sam Lister

Specialist Security Researcher

Written by

Connor Mooney

SOC Analyst

Apr 2023

In an ever-changing threat landscape, security vendors around the world are forced to quickly adapt, react, and respond to known attack vectors and threats. In the face of this, malicious actors are constantly looking for novel ways to gain access to networks. Whether that’s through new exploitations of network vulnerabilities or new delivery methods, attackers and their methods are continually evolving. Although it is valuable for organizations to leverage threat intelligence to keep abreast of known threats to their networks, intelligence alone is not enough to defend against increasingly versatile attackers. Having an autonomous decision maker able to detect and respond to emerging threats, even those employing novel or unknown techniques, is paramount to defend against network compromise.

At the end of January 2023, threat actors began to abuse OneNote attachments to deliver the malware strain, Qakbot, onto users' devices. Widespread adoption of this novel delivery method resulted in a surge in Qakbot infections across Darktrace's customer base between the end of January 2023 and the end of February 2023. Using its Self-Learning AI, Darktrace was able to uncover and respond to these so-called ‘QakNote’ infections as the new trend emerged. Darktrace detected and responded to the threat at multiple stages of the kill chain, preventing damaging and widespread compromise to customer networks.

Qakbot and The Recent Weaponization of OneNote

Qakbot first appeared in 2007 as a banking trojan designed to steal sensitive data such as banking credentials. Since then, Qakbot has evolved into a highly modular, multi-purpose tool, with backdoor, payload delivery, reconnaissance, lateral movement, and data exfiltration capabilities. Although Qakbot's primary delivery method has always been email-based, threat actors have been known to modify their email-based delivery methods of Qakbot in the face of changing circumstances. In the first half of 2022, Microsoft started rolling out versions of Office which block XL4 and VBA macros by default [1]/[2]/[3]. Prior to this change, Qakbot email campaigns typically consisted in the spreading of deceitful emails with Office attachments containing malicious macros. In the face of Microsoft's default blocking of macros, threat actors appeared to cease delivering Qakbot via Office attachments, and shifted to primarily using HTML attachments, through a method known as 'HTML smuggling' [4]/[5]. After the public disclosure [6] of the Follina vulnerability (CVE-2022-30190) in Microsoft Support Diagnostic Tool (MSDT) in May 2022, Qakbot actors were seen capitalizing on the vulnerability to facilitate their email-based delivery of Qakbot payloads [7]/[8]/[9].

Given the inclination of Qakbot actors to adapt their email-based delivery methods, it is no surprise that they were quick to capitalize on the novel OneNote-based delivery method which emerged in December 2022. Since December 2022, threat actors have been seen using OneNote attachments to deliver a variety of malware strains, ranging from Formbook [10] to AsynRAT [11] to Emotet [12]. The abuse of OneNote documents to deliver malware is made possible by the fact that OneNote allows for the embedding of executable file types such as HTA files, CMD files, and BAT files. At the end of January 2023, actors started to leverage OneNote attachments to deliver Qakbot [13]/[14]. The adoption of this novel delivery method by Qakbot actors resulted in a surge in Qakbot infections in the wider threat landscape and across the Darktrace customer base.

Observed Activity Chains

Between January 31 and February 24, 2023, Darktrace observed variations of the following pattern of activity across its customer base:

1. User's device contacts OneNote-related endpoint

2. User's device makes an external GET request with an empty Host header, a target URI whose final segment consists in 5 or 6 digits followed by '.dat', and a User-Agent header referencing either cURL or PowerShell. The GET request is responded to with a DLL file

3. User's device makes SSL connections over ports 443 and 2222 to unusual external endpoints, and makes TCP connections over port 65400 to 23.111.114[.]52

4. User's device makes SSL connections over port 443 to an external host named 'bonsars[.]com' (IP: 194.165.16[.]56) and TCP connections over port 443 to 78.31.67[.]7

5. User’s device makes call to Endpoint Mapper service on internal systems and then connects to the Service Control Manager (SCM)

6. User's device uploads files with algorithmically generated names and ‘.dll’ or ‘.dll.cfg’ file extensions to SMB shares on internal systems

7. User's device makes Service Control requests to the systems to which it uploaded ‘.dll’ and ‘.dll.cfg’ files

Further investigation of these chains of activity revealed that they were parts of Qakbot infections initiated via interactions with malicious OneNote attachments.

Figure 1: Steps of observed QakNote infections.

Delivery Phase

Users' interactions with malicious OneNote attachments, which were evidenced by devices' HTTPS connections to OneNote-related endpoints, such as 'www.onenote[.]com', 'contentsync.onenote[.]com', and 'learningtools.onenote[.]com', resulted in the retrieval of Qakbot DLLs from unusual, external endpoints. In some cases, the user's interaction with the malicious OneNote attachment caused their device to fetch a Qakbot DLL using cURL, whereas, in other cases, it caused their device to download a Qakbot DLL using PowerShell. These different outcomes reflected variations in the contents of the executable files embedded within the weaponized OneNote attachments. In addition to having cURL and PowerShell User-Agent headers, the HTTP requests triggered by interaction with these OneNote attachments had other distinctive features, such as empty host headers and target URIs whose last segment consists in 5 or 6 digits followed by '.dat'.

Figure 2: Model breach highlighting a user’s device making a HTTP GET request to 198.44.140[.]78 with a PowerShell User-Agent header and the target URI ‘/210/184/187737.dat’.

Figure 3: Model breach highlighting a user’s device making a HTTP GET request to 103.214.71[.]45 with a cURL User-Agent header and the target URI ‘/70802.dat’.

Figure 4: Event Log showing a user’s device making a GET request with a cURL User-Agent header to 185.231.205[.]246 after making an SSL connection to contentsync.onenote[.]com.

Figure 5: Event Log showing a user’s device making a GET request with a cURL User-Agent header to 185.231.205[.]246 after making an SSL connection to www.onenote[.]com.

Command and Control Phase

After fetching Qakbot DLLs, users’ devices were observed making numerous SSL connections over ports 443 and 2222 to highly unusual, external endpoints, as well as large volumes of TCP connections over port 65400 to 23.111.114[.]52. These connections represented Qakbot-infected devices communicating with command and control (C2) infrastructure. Qakbot-infected devices were also seen making intermittent connections to legitimate endpoints, such as 'xfinity[.]com', 'yahoo[.]com', 'verisign[.]com', 'oracle[.]com', and 'broadcom[.]com', likely due to Qakbot making connectivity checks.

Figure 6: Event Log showing a user’s device contacting Qakbot C2 infrastructure and making connectivity checks to legitimate domains.

Figure 7: Event Log showing a user’s device contacting Qakbot C2 infrastructure and making connectivity checks to legitimate domains.

Cobalt Strike and VNC Phase

After Qakbot-infected devices established communication with C2 servers, they were observed making SSL connections to the external endpoint, bonsars[.]com, and TCP connections to the external endpoint, 78.31.67[.]7. The SSL connections to bonsars[.]com were C2 connections from Cobalt Strike Beacon, and the TCP connections to 78.31.67[.]7 were C2 connections from Qakbot’s Virtual Network Computing (VNC) module [15]/[16]. The occurrence of these connections indicate that actors leveraged Qakbot infections to drop Cobalt Strike Beacon along with a VNC payload onto infected systems. The deployment of Cobalt Strike and VNC likely provided actors with ‘hands-on-keyboard’ access to the Qakbot-infected systems.

Figure 8: Advanced Search logs showing a user’s device contacting OneNote endpoints, fetching a Qakbot DLL over HTTP, making SSL connections to Qakbot infrastructure and connectivity checks to legitimate domains, and then making SSL connections to the Cobalt Strike endpoint, bonsars[.]com.

Figure 9: Event Log showing a user’s device contacting the Cobalt Strike C2 endpoint, bonsars[.]com, and the VNC C2 endpoint, 78.31.67[.]7, whilst simultaneously contacting the Qakbot C2 endpoint, 47.32.78[.]150.

Lateral Movement Phase

After dropping Cobalt Strike Beacon and a VNC module onto Qakbot-infected systems, actors leveraged their strengthened foothold to connect to the Service Control Manager (SCM) on internal systems in preparation for lateral movement. Before connecting to the SCM, infected systems were seen making calls to the Endpoint Mapper service, likely to identify exposed Microsoft Remote Procedure Call (MSRPC) services on internal systems. The MSRPC service, Service Control Manager (SCM), is known to be abused by Cobalt Strike to create and start services on remote systems. Connections to this service were evidenced by OpenSCManager2 (Opnum: 0x40) and OpenSCManagerW (Opnum: 0xf) calls to the svcctl RPC interface.

Figure 10: Advanced Search logs showing a user’s device contacting the Endpoint Mapper and Service Control Manager (SCM) services on internal systems.

After connecting to the SCM on internal systems, infected devices were seen using SMB to distribute files with ‘.dll’ and ‘.dll.cfg’ extensions to SMB shares. These uploads were followed by CreateWowService (Opnum: 0x3c) calls to the svcctl interface, likely intended to execute the uploaded payloads. The naming conventions of the uploaded files indicate that they were Qakbot payloads.

Figure 11: Advanced Search logs showing a user’s device making Service Control DCE-RPC requests to internal systems after uploading ‘.dll’ and ‘.dll.cfg’ files to them over SMB.

Fortunately, none of the observed QakNote infections escalated further than this. If these infections had escalated, it is likely that they would have resulted in the widespread detonation of additional malicious payloads, such as ransomware.

Darktrace Coverage of QakNote Activity

Figure 1 shows the steps involved in the QakNote infections observed across Darktrace’s customer base. How far attackers got along this chain was in part determined by the following three factors:

Whether the targeted customer had Darktrace/Email
Whether the targeted customer had Darktrace RESPOND/Network
Whether the targeted customer acted in response to Darktrace DETECT/Network alerts

The presence of Darktrace/Email typically stopped QakNote infections from moving past the initial infection stage. The presence of RESPOND/Network significantly slowed down observed activity chains, however, infections left unattended and not mitigated by the security teams were able to progress further along the attack chain.

Darktrace observed varying properties in the QakNote emails detected across the customer base. OneNote attachments were typically detected as either ‘application/octet-stream’ files or as ‘application/x-tar’ files. In some cases, the weaponized OneNote attachment embedded a malicious file, whereas in other cases, the OneNote file embedded a malicious link (typically a ‘.png’ or ‘.gif’ link) instead. In all cases Darktrace observed, QakNote emails used subject lines starting with ‘RE’ or ‘FW’ to manipulating their recipients into thinking that such emails were part of an existing email chain/thread. In some cases, emails impersonated users known to their recipients by including the names of such users in their header-from personal names. In many cases, QakNote emails appear to have originated from likely hijacked email accounts. These are highly successful methods of social engineering often employed by threat actors to exploit a user’s trust in known contacts or services, convincing them to open malicious emails and making it harder for security tools to detect.

The fact that observed QakNote emails used the fake-reply method, were sent from unknown email accounts, and contained attachments with unusual MIME types, caused such emails to breach the following Darktrace/Email models:

Association / Unknown Sender
Attachment / Unknown File
Attachment / Unsolicited Attachment
Attachment / Highly Unusual Mime
Attachment / Unsolicited Anomalous Mime
Attachment / Unusual Mime for Organisation
Unusual / Fake Reply
Unusual / Unusual Header TLD
Unusual / Fake Reply + Unknown Sender
Unusual / Unusual Connection from Unknown
Unusual / Off Topic

QakNote emails impersonating known users also breached the following DETECT & RESPOND/Email models:

Unusual / Unrelated Personal Name Address
Spoof / Basic Known Entity Similarities
Spoof / Internal User Similarities
Spoof / External User Similarities
Spoof / Internal User Similarities + Unrelated Personal Name Address
Spoof / External User Similarities + Unrelated Personal Name Address
Spoof / Internal User Similarities + Unknown File
Spoof / External User Similarities + Fake Reply
Spoof / Possible User Spoof from New Address - Enhanced Internal Similarities
Spoof / Whale

The actions taken by Darktrace on the observed emails is ultimately determined by Darktrace/Email models are breached. Those emails which did not breach Spoofing models (due to lack of impersonation indicators) received the ‘Convert Attachment’ action. This action converts suspicious attachments into neutralized PDFs, in this case successfully unweaponizing the malicious OneNote attachments. QakNote emails which did breach Spoofing models (due to the presence of impersonation indicators) received the strongest possible action, ‘Hold Message’. This action prevents suspicious emails from reaching the recipients’ mailbox.

Figure 12: Email log showing a malicious OneNote email (without impersonation indicators) which received a 87% anomaly score, a ‘Move to junk’ action, and a ‘Convert attachment’ actions from Darktrace/Email.

Figure 13: Email log showing a malicious OneNote email (with impersonation indicators) which received an anomaly score of 100% and a ‘Hold message’ action from Darktrace/Email.

Figure 14: Email log showing a malicious OneNote email (with impersonation indicators) which received an anomaly score of 100% and a ‘Hold message’ action from Darktrace/Email.

If threat actors managed to get past the first stage of the QakNote kill chain, likely due to the absence of appropriate email security tools, the execution of the subsequent steps resulted in strong intervention from Darktrace/Network.

Interactions with malicious OneNote attachments caused their devices to fetch a Qakbot DLL from a remote server via HTTP GET requests with an empty Host header and either a cURL or PowerShell User-Agent header. These unusual HTTP behaviors caused the following Darktrace/Network models to breach:

Device / New User Agent
Device / New PowerShell User Agent
Device / New User Agent and New IP
Anomalous Connection / New User Agent to IP Without Hostname
Anomalous Connection / Powershell to Rare External
Anomalous File / Numeric File Download
Anomalous File / EXE from Rare External Location
Anomalous File / New User Agent Followed By Numeric File Download

For customers with RESPOND/Network active, these breaches resulted in the following autonomous actions:

Enforce group pattern of life for 30 minutes
Enforce group pattern of life for 2 hours
Block connections to relevant external endpoints over relevant ports for 2 hours
Block all outgoing traffic for 10 minutes

Figure 15: Event Log showing a user’s device receiving Darktrace RESPOND/Network actions after downloading a Qakbot DLL.

Figure 16: Event Log showing a user’s device receiving Darktrace RESPOND/Network actions after downloading a Qakbot DLL.

Successful, uninterrupted downloads of Qakbot DLLs resulted in connections to Qakbot C2 servers, and subsequently to Cobalt Strike and VNC C2 connections. These C2 activities resulted in breaches of the following DETECT/Network models:

Compromise / Suspicious TLS Beaconing To Rare External
Compromise / Large Number of Suspicious Successful Connections
Compromise / Large Number of Suspicious Failed Connections
Compromise / Sustained SSL or HTTP Increase
Compromise / Sustained TCP Beaconing Activity To Rare Endpoint
Compromise / Beaconing Activity To External Rare
Compromise / Slow Beaconing Activity To External Rare
Anomalous Connection / Multiple Connections to New External TCP Port
Anomalous Connection / Multiple Failed Connections to Rare Endpoint
Device / Initial Breach Chain Compromise

For customers with RESPOND/Network active, these breaches caused RESPOND to autonomously perform the following actions:

Block connections to relevant external endpoints over relevant ports for 1 hour

Figure 17: Event Log showing a user’s device receiving RESPOND/Network actions after contacting the Qakbot C2 endpoint, Cobalt Strike C2 endpoint, bonsars[.]com.

In cases where C2 connections were allowed to continue, actors attempted to move laterally through usage of SMB and Service Control Manager. This lateral movement activity caused the following DETECT/Network models to breach:

Device / Possible SMB/NTLM Reconnaissance
Anomalous Connection / New or Uncommon Service Control

For customers with RESPOND/Network enabled, these breaches caused RESPOND to autonomously perform the following actions:

Block connections to relevant internal endpoints over port 445 for 1 hour

Figure 18: Event Log shows a user’s device receiving RESPOND/Network actions after contacting the Qakbot C2 endpoint, 5.75.205[.]43, and distributing ‘.dll’ and ‘.dll.cfg’ files internally.

The QakNote infections observed across Darktrace’s customer base involved several steps, each of which elicited alerts and autonomous preventative actions from Darktrace. By autonomously investigating the alerts from DETECT, Darktrace’s Cyber AI Analyst was able to connect the distinct steps of observed QakNote infections into single incidents. It then produced incident logs to present in-depth details of the activity it uncovered, provide full visibility for customer security teams.

Figure 19: AI Analyst incident entry showing the steps of a QakNote infection which AI Analyst connected following its autonomous investigations.

Conclusion

Faced with the emerging threat of QakNote infections, Darktrace demonstrated its ability to autonomously detect and respond to arising threats in a constantly evolving threat landscape. The attack chains which Darktrace observed across its customer base involved the delivery of Qakbot via malicious OneNote attachments, the usage of ports 65400 and 2222 for Qakbot C2 communication, the usage of Cobalt Strike Beacon and VNC for ‘hands-on-keyboard’ activity, and the usage of SMB and Service Control Manager for lateral movement.

Despite the novelty of the OneNote-based delivery method, Darktrace was able to identify QakNote infections across its customer base at various stages of the kill chain, using its autonomous anomaly-based detection to identify unusual activity or deviations from expected behavior. When active, Darktrace/Email neutralized malicious QakNote attachments sent to employees. In cases where Darktrace/Email was not active, Darktrace/Network detected and slowed down the unusual network activities which inevitably ensued from Qakbot infections. Ultimately, this intervention from Darktrace’s products prevented infections from leading to further harmful activity, such as data exfiltration and the detonation of ransomware.

Darktrace is able to offer customers an unparalleled level of network security by combining both Darktrace/Network and Darktrace/Email, safeguarding both their email and network environments. With its suite of products, including DETECT and RESPOND, Darktrace can autonomously uncover threats to customer networks and instantaneously intervene to prevent suspicious activity leading to damaging compromises.

Appendices

MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

Initial Access:

T1566.001 – Phishing: Spearphishing Attachment

Execution:

T1204.001 – User Execution: Malicious Link

T1204.002 – User Execution: Malicious File

T1569.002 – System Services: Service Execution

Lateral Movement:

T1021.002 – Remote Services: SMB/Windows Admin Shares

Command and Control:‍

T1573.002 – Encrypted Channel : Asymmetric Cryptography

T1571 – Non-Standard Port

T1105 – Ingress Tool Transfer

T1095 – Non-Application Layer Protocol

T1219 – Remote Access Software

List of IOCs

IP Addresses and/or Domain Names:

- 103.214.71[.]45 - Qakbot download infrastructure

- 141.164.35[.]94 - Qakbot download infrastructure

- 95.179.215[.]225 - Qakbot download infrastructure

- 128.254.207[.]55 - Qakbot download infrastructure

- 141.164.35[.]94 - Qakbot download infrastructure

- 172.96.137[.]149 - Qakbot download infrastructure

- 185.231.205[.]246 - Qakbot download infrastructure

- 216.128.146[.]67 - Qakbot download infrastructure

- 45.155.37[.]170 - Qakbot download infrastructure

- 85.239.41[.]55 - Qakbot download infrastructure

- 45.67.35[.]108 - Qakbot download infrastructure

- 77.83.199[.]12 - Qakbot download infrastructure

- 45.77.63[.]210 - Qakbot download infrastructure

- 198.44.140[.]78 - Qakbot download infrastructure

- 47.32.78[.]150 - Qakbot C2 infrastructure

- 197.204.13[.]52 - Qakbot C2 infrastructure

- 68.108.122[.]180 - Qakbot C2 infrastructure

- 2.50.48[.]213 - Qakbot C2 infrastructure

- 66.180.227[.]60 - Qakbot C2 infrastructure

- 190.206.75[.]58 - Qakbot C2 infrastructure

- 109.150.179[.]236 - Qakbot C2 infrastructure

- 86.202.48[.]142 - Qakbot C2 infrastructure

- 143.159.167[.]159 - Qakbot C2 infrastructure

- 5.75.205[.]43 - Qakbot C2 infrastructure

- 184.176.35[.]223 - Qakbot C2 infrastructure

- 208.187.122[.]74 - Qakbot C2 infrastructure

- 23.111.114[.]52 - Qakbot C2 infrastructure

- 74.12.134[.]53 – Qakbot C2 infrastructure

- bonsars[.]com • 194.165.16[.]56 - Cobalt Strike C2 infrastructure

- 78.31.67[.]7 - VNC C2 infrastructure

Target URIs of GET Requests for Qakbot DLLs:

- /70802.dat

- /51881.dat

- /12427.dat

- /70136.dat

- /35768.dat

- /41981.dat

- /30622.dat

- /72286.dat

- /46557.dat

- /33006.dat

- /300332.dat

- /703558.dat

- /760433.dat

- /210/184/187737.dat

- /469/387/553748.dat

- /282/535806.dat

User-Agent Headers of GET Requests for Qakbot DLLs:

- curl/7.83.1

- curl/7.55.1

- Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT; Windows NT 10.0; en-US) WindowsPowerShell/5.1.19041.2364

- Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT; Windows NT 10.0; en-US) WindowsPowerShell/5.1.17763.3770

- Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT; Windows NT 10.0; en-GB) WindowsPowerShell/5.1.19041.2364

SHA256 Hashes of Downloaded Qakbot DLLs:

- 83e9bdce1276d2701ff23b1b3ac7d61afc97937d6392ed6b648b4929dd4b1452

- ca95a5dcd0194e9189b1451fa444f106cbabef3558424d9935262368dba5f2c6

- fa067ff1116b4c8611eae9ed4d59a19d904a8d3c530b866c680a7efeca83eb3d

- e6853589e42e1ab74548b5445b90a5a21ff0d7f8f4a23730cffe285e2d074d9e

- d864d93b8fd4c5e7fb136224460c7b98f99369fc9418bae57de466d419abeaf6

- c103c24ccb1ff18cd5763a3bb757ea2779a175a045e96acbb8d4c19cc7d84bea

Names of Internally Distributed Qakbot DLLs:

- rpwpmgycyzghm.dll

- rpwpmgycyzghm.dll.cfg

- guapnluunsub.dll

- guapnluunsub.dll.cfg

- rskgvwfaqxzz.dll

- rskgvwfaqxzz.dll.cfg

- hkfjhcwukhsy.dll

- hkfjhcwukhsy.dll.cfg

- uqailliqbplm.dll

- uqailliqbplm.dll.cfg

- ghmaorgvuzfos.dll

- ghmaorgvuzfos.dll.cfg

Links Found Within Neutralized QakNote Email Attachments:

- hxxps://khatriassociates[.]com/MBt/3.gif

- hxxps://spincotech[.]com/8CoBExd/3.gif

- hxxps://minaato[.]com/tWZVw/3.gif

- hxxps://famille2point0[.]com/oghHO/01.png

- hxxps://sahifatinews[.]com/jZbaw/01.png

- hxxp://87.236.146[.]112/62778.dat

- hxxp://87.236.146[.]112/59076.dat

- hxxp://185.231.205[.]246/73342.dat

References

[1] https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/excel-blog/excel-4-0-xlm-macros-now-restricted-by-default-for-customer/ba-p/3057905

[2] https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-365-blog/helping-users-stay-safe-blocking-internet-macros-by-default-in/ba-p/3071805

[3] https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/deployoffice/security/internet-macros-blocked

[4] https://www.cyfirma.com/outofband/html-smuggling-a-stealthier-approach-to-deliver-malware/

[5] https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/html-smuggling-the-hidden-threat-in-your-inbox/

[6] https://twitter.com/nao_sec/status/1530196847679401984

[7] https://www.fortiguard.com/threat-signal-report/4616/qakbot-delivered-through-cve-2022-30190-follina

[8] https://isc.sans.edu/diary/rss/28728

[9] https://darktrace.com/blog/qakbot-resurgence-evolving-along-with-the-emerging-threat-landscape

[10] https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/trojanized-onenote-document-leads-to-formbook-malware/

[11] https://www.proofpoint.com/uk/blog/threat-insight/onenote-documents-increasingly-used-to-deliver-malware

[12] https://www.malwarebytes.com/blog/threat-intelligence/2023/03/emotet-onenote

[13] https://blog.cyble.com/2023/02/01/qakbots-evolution-continues-with-new-strategies/

[14] https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2023/02/06/qakbot-onenote-attacks/

[15] https://isc.sans.edu/diary/rss/29210

[16] https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/feb-wireshark-quiz-answers/

執筆者

Sam Lister

Specialist Security Researcher

執筆者

Connor Mooney

SOC Analyst

Inside the SOC

Written by

Sam Lister

Specialist Security Researcher

Written by

Connor Mooney

SOC Analyst

Senior Director of Product

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AI

August 19, 2026

When AI Becomes the Lure: A Fake Gemini Installer Delivers Vidar

Key takeaways

‍

Darktrace observed a customer download a fake Google Gemini installer hosted on Google Colab, resulting in the execution of the Vidar information stealer.
Darktrace identified the compromise through behavioral indicators, including suspicious process activity, anomalous network communications, and indicators of credential theft, before autonomously containing the threat.
The incident highlights how threat actors are increasingly exploiting trusted platforms and a growing interest in AI tools to distribute malware through seemingly legitimate software acquisition workflows.

‍

The Growing Abuse of Generative AI

As organizations are increasingly adopting generative AI tools into their daily workflows, attackers are adapting their distribution methods accordingly too. As part of their day-to-day work, users are now searching for AI assistants, programming tools, browser extensions, desktop applications, and productivity integrations.

Recent reports have highlighted campaigns that use fake AI software and AI-related installers to distribute malware and steal credentials [1]. Researchers have documented campaigns that exploit fake AI-themed websites and services to distribute information stealers and backdoors [2]. Security researchers have also observed attackers disguising malware as legitimate installers for AI software to increase the likelihood of victim interaction and execution [3].

In July 2026, Darktrace observed one such case within a customer environment in the Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) region, where attackers used a fake generative AI installer to deliver the prolific information stealer Vidar. This incident highlights how threat actors are exploiting interest in AI services to distribute established malware using increasingly convincing social engineering techniques.

How a Fake Gemini Installer Delivered Vidar

Initial Access: From Search Result to Malware Download

Unlike many malware campaigns that begin with a phishing email, this activity appears to have originated from a user searching for and downloading software.

Darktrace first observed unusual activity on the customer network after a suspicious executable file was launched from a user’s Download folder. Further investigation revealed that the file purported to be a Google Gemini installer and was named “Download_Google_Gemini_For_Windows.exe”.

During the initial analysis, it was noted that the top search result for the suspicious filename associated pointed to a file hosted on Google Colab, a cloud-based Jupyter notebook platform, commonly used by developers, researchers, and data scientists to run code and machine learning workloads through a web browser. By leveraging another trusted Google platform, the attacker increased the likelihood that users would perceive the download as legitimate, making the lure more convincing to those searching for Gemini-related software.

‍

Figure 1: The Google Colab page containing a download prompt for the fake Google Gemini installer.

Further investigation of the Google Colab page revealed that the download prompt redirected users to a secondary site, hxxps://micronsoftwares[.]com, which posed as a "Windows Software Hub" download page and offered the fake Gemini installer for download.

‍

Figure 2: The secondary website posing as a "Windows Software Hub" download page, which likely hosted the fake Gemini installer.

While the investigation did not uncover any HTTP or file-download telemetry data that conclusively identified the download source, SSL communication sessions with Google Colab were detected immediately before the suspicious file was executed. The timing of these connections suggests that the user interacted with the Colab resource before being redirected to the secondary site from which the executable was downloaded.

‍

The user was not simply tricked into opening an email attachment; instead, the attacker embedded malicious content into a process many users would consider entirely legitimate: searching for and downloading software associated with a trusted platform.

‍

Weaponizing Trusted Platforms

At the time of review (July 15, 2026), Darktrace's Threat Research team confirmed that the Google Colab page was still active and prompting users to download a ZIP archive containing the binary file.

‍

The archive also appeared to contain a README file instructing users to run the binary file with administrator privileges and add it to their antivirus software’s exception lists. These instructions suggest that the campaign relied heavily on social engineering, convincing users to take actions that would facilitate malware execution and potentially bypass security checks.

The use of a legitimate platform also complicates the user’s decision-making. Downloads associated with a trusted service are often perceived as less suspicious than those hosted on unfamiliar domains. When combined with the branding of a widely used AI tool, the lure becomes even more convincing.

Malware Analysis

Darktrace’s Threat Research team identified the executable file as the information-stealing malware Vidar. Analysis revealed that the binary file was a newer Go-compiled variant that communicated with Telegram-based infrastructure. Darktrace’s researchers also identified dtm[.]kijangturbo88[.]top as a command-and-control (C2) endpoint associated with the activity. While the malware itself was not novel, the lure and delivery mechanism was.

For a deeper look at the information stealer, see Darktrace’s 2023 analysis of Vidar.

‍

**Figure 3:** Darktrace’s detection of the unusual outbound connection associated with the fake Gemini installer.

Shortly after execution, the process established communications with the external IP address 91.98.98[.]86 via port 443, directly linking the executable to suspicious network activity observed on the device. Subsequent open-source intelligence (OSINT) analysis of the revealed multiple malicious associations [5].

Additional Darktrace detections included unusual SSL activity from the affected device. Analysis of related SSL telemetry identified 91.98.111[.]49 as additional infrastructure associated with the activity [6].

Subsequent alerts from the customer's Microsoft Defender for Endpoint integration later confirmed activity consistent with the theft of browser credentials and other sensitive data from the affected endpoint.

Taken together, these detections provided a clear picture of the attack, from the execution of a suspicious file and unusual network connections to indicators of C2 activity and credential theft.

‍

**Figure 4:** Darktrace’s detection of anomalous activity following the execution of the fake Gemini installer, seen in the Model Alert Event Log.

Darktrace's Autonomous Response

Following the detection, Darktrace’s Autonomous Response took immediate containment action, including blocking communication with suspicious external infrastructure, including 91.98.98[.]86, and quarantining the compromised device.

Despite the apparent legitimacy of the activity, with the installer hosted on a trusted platform and resembling a routine software download, Darktrace was able to detect and contain the attack because the device's behavior deviated from its normal pattern.

‍

**Figure 5:** Automated containment actions implemented by Darktrace's Autonomous Response following the detection of activity associated with the fake Gemini installer.

Conclusion

This investigation highlights how threat actors continue to adapt established malware delivery techniques to emerging technology trends. While the malware itself was not new, the distribution method was. By disguising Vidar as a Google Gemini installer and hosting the malicious content on a trusted platform, the attack aligned its lure with a growing behavioral trend: users actively searching for AI tools and services as part of their day-to-day work.

Although fake installers are not a new phenomenon, the rapid rise of generative AI has created new opportunities for threat actors. Rather than relying solely on traditional delivery methods, attackers can now target users who are actively searching for AI applications. As AI adoption continues to accelerate across enterprise environments, organizations should remain alert to campaigns that exploit this interest through fake applications, malicious websites, manipulated search results, the misuse of trusted platforms, and AI-themed social engineering.

Credit to Rushanth Ramanathan (Cyber Analyst) Joanna Ng (Detection Engineer)

Edited by Ryan Traill (Content Manager)

Appendices

Darktrace Model Detections

Security Integration / C2 Activity and Integration Detection
Endpoint / New Suspicious Executable Launched
Endpoint / Process Connection / Unusual Connection from New Process
Anomalous Connection / Rare External SSL Self-Signed
Security Integration / High Severity Integration Detection
Antigena / Network / Significant Anomaly / Antigena Significant Security Integration and Network Activity Block

•Antigena / Network / Significant Anomaly / Antigena Significant Anomaly from Client Block

‍

List of Indicators of Compromise (IoCs)

‍

IoC	Type	Description
`Download_Google_Gemini_For_Windows.exe`	File	Fake Gemini-themed installer observed during the investigation.
`GoogleAppInstaller.exe`	File	Related executable identified through endpoint telemetry.
`91.98.98[.]86`	IP Address	External destination contacted by the malicious executable.
`91.98.111[.]49`	IP Address	Related infrastructure identified through SSL certificate pivoting.
`dtm[.]kijangturbo88[.]top`	Domain	Command-and-control endpoint identified during malware analysis.
`1e13c2c9eac72daf63fd00a9946878949e159ae6ec51b54ec64f942d79d61913`	SHA256	Malware sample associated with the fake Gemini installer.

MITRE ATT@CK Mapping

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MITRE ATT&CK Mapping	Tactic	Technique
Initial Access	`T1204`	User Execution
Execution	`T1204.002`	User Execution: Malicious File
Defence Evasion	`T1036`	Masquerading
Credential Access	`T1555`	Credentials from Password Stores
Credential Access	`T1555.003`	Credentials from Web Browsers
Command and Control	`T1071`	Application Layer Protocol
Exfiltration	`T1041`	Exfiltration Over C2 Channel

About the author

Rajendra Rushanth

Cyber Analyst

Blog

AI

August 13, 2026

信頼が新たなアタックサーフェスである理由：ダークトレースの2026年度中間脅威アップデート

2026年初頭、ダークトレースのアナリストによって専用に設計されたReact2Shellハニーポットは、その展開から2時間未満で侵害を受けました。この1つのデータをとって見ても2026年前半の脅威ランドスケープのペースを表していると言うことができますが、スピードは1つの側面に過ぎません。

過去6か月間の変化は、従来のマルウェアや脆弱性を中心とした攻撃から、信頼されるアイデンティティ、プラットフォーム、およびインフラの悪用への移行を示しています。多くの組織が広範囲にAIを導入するのに伴い、アイデンティティ、SaaSプラットフォーム、クラウドに対する権限、自動化フレームワーク、および非人間アイデンティティが、攻撃者に好まれる攻撃経路となっています。

攻撃者は、外部から侵入するよりも、防御者やユーザーが信頼するよう条件づけられている関係、サービス、認証済みチャネル内で活動する傾向が高まっています。

2025年と比較して何が変わったか？

2025年には、アイデンティティが新たな境界となり、攻撃者はますます従来のエクスプロイト手法を使うよりも信頼されるアカウント、SaaSプラットフォーム、そしてAIによって可能になった新手の手法を使うようになりました。2026年前半は、この進化の次の段階にあると言えます。アイデンティの悪用は依然として中心的ですが、信頼の問題は今やアカウントをはるかに超えてEメール認証、クラウドに対する権限、ソフトウェアサプライチェーン、AIゲートウェイ、リモート管理ツール、そして非人間アイデンティティにも及んでいます。

Theme	2025 (Mid-Year / Annual)	H1 2026
Identity	Credentials remained the weak link; identity emerged as the new perimeter.	Identity remains the entry point, but trust has become the new attack surface.
Cloud & SaaS	SaaS-targeted ransomware continued to rise.	Cloud and SaaS became the attacker's preferred operating environment.
AI	Large Language Models (LLMs) were suspected of influencing phishing shifts.	LLM-generated malware, compromised AI proxies, and the abuse of AI identities emerged.
Attack Surface Scale & Speed	Exponential growth of Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs), with public proof-of-concepts appearing faster.	Cloud and AI adoption expanded the attack surface, while AI accelerated exploitation. One honeypot was compromised in under two hours.
Supply Chain	Legitimate services were increasingly abused.	Trusted maintainers and CI/CD workflows were weaponized.

アイデンティティとEメール：危険にさらされる信頼のシグナル

Eメールは信頼されるアイデンティティへの最も確実なルートであり、攻撃者はノイズを作り出すことよりも品質の向上に投資していることをデータが示しています。2026年前半において、フィッシングEメールの67%がDMARC認証を通過していました。ほとんどのフィッシングの試みに対して、阻止するには認証だけではもはや不十分なのです。フィッシングEメールの25.8%でVIPユーザーが標的となっており、22025年と同様に25%を上回る値ですが、期間全体を通じて上昇傾向にあります。重要な点は、フィッシングの巧妙さが高まり続けていることです：フィッシングEメールの37％が大量のテキストを含んでおり、2025年前半の32％から増加しています。また、39％は新手のソーシャルエンジニアリングテクニックを特徴としており、攻撃者が特定の標的にあわせてさらなるカスタマイズを行っていることを示唆しています。

ダークトレースの顧客に最も幅広く影響を与えている脅威もアイデンティティに焦点を当てたものであり、専用のStealCおよびAMOSインフォスティーラーを使った攻撃がこの半年間に多く見られています。これらのマルウェアの蔓延も、根本的にはアイデンティティの問題です。インフォスティーラーによって収集された認証情報がしばしば最初のアクセスベクトルとして使用され、攻撃チェーンの後の段階で格段に影響の大きい侵害につながります。また、マルウェアの投下には技術的弱点の悪用をほとんど必要としない点が重要です。ユーザー自身の手で悪意あるコードを実行させるClickFixソーシャルエンジニアリング手法は、依然としてよく見られます。最近観測されたある攻撃キャンペーンは17か国のダークトレース顧客で確認され、最も影響を受けたのは米国でした。この侵害はソフトウェアの欠陥から始まったものではなく、信頼されるユーザーが信頼されるアクションを実行したことが端緒となりました。

サプライチェーン：信頼が大規模に武器化される

3月と4月には共通の教訓が確認されました。それは信頼がサプライチェーン脆弱性となったということです。Axiosの侵害では幅広く使用されているメンテナーへの信頼が悪用され、Trivyキャンペーンは信頼されるCI/CDインフラ、リリースアーティファクト、およびコンテナイメージを利用して、正当な開発ワークフローに悪意あるコードを押し込みました。

これを最もはっきりと示した事例は、2月から3月にかけて観測されたキャンペーンです。多数のデバイスがHola VPNを使用している間に悪意のあるペイロードをダウンロードし、その後、Holaの配信パイプラインの侵害に関連していることが判明しました。ダークトレースの脅威調査チームは、公開アドバイザリがリリースされる前に、複数の顧客において繰り返し発生している異常な動作から、この侵害に関連する活動を特定しました。

最近では、攻撃者が正当なブロックチェーンインフラを悪用して、AMOSやPhexia等のインフォスティーラーを投下しているケースが見られます。セキュリティリソースが限られているユーザーによく使用されている一般的なVPN等のツールは、正当なC2インフラと組み合わせることで、攻撃者がはるかに広範な被害者層に到達することを可能にする一方、防御側は関連するエンドポイントを単純にブロックすることはできないため、やっかいな問題になります。

防御者にとっての課題は、もはや悪意のあるインフラを特定することではなく、信頼されるインフラが悪意のある動作を始めたときにそれを認識できるかどうかということです。

クラウドとSaaS：標的から作戦領域へ

5月から6月には、デバイス登録、クラウドデータ窃取、SaaS悪用、RDPの拡大、リモート管理ツール関連の活動が見られ、攻撃者がクラウドやSaaSを単なる標的としてではなく、むしろ好ましい作戦環境としてますます認識していることが示唆されました。

ダークトレース顧客でのある事例では、1つの侵害されたSaaSアカウントがEメール、SaaS、ネットワークレイヤーにわたる活動を引き起こし、これには受信トレイルールの変更、フィッシングの拡散、疑わしいインフラへの接続が含まれていました。これらの兆候のいずれも単独では決定的とは言えませんでしたが、総合すると明らかに侵入を示していました。これらの環境において、攻撃者はますます信頼管理をを回避する必要がなくなっています。信頼は、侵害されたアイデンティティ、委任されたアクセス権、および正当な管理ツールを通じて引き継ぐことができるからです。これは、2025年に見られたSaaSを標的としたランサムウェアの傾向の自然な進化であると言えます。ますます多くのケースにおいて、ビジネスが運営されるのと同じプラットフォームが、敵対者が作戦を展開するプラットフォームとなっています。

AI：攻撃の加速装置でありアタックサーフェス、そして信頼される、しかしリスクの高いアクター

信頼がアタックサーフェスなら、AIはそれが最も急激に拡大している領域であると言えます。ダークトレースの顧客基盤全体において、2026年前半にAIサービスへの接続は平均13％増加し、接続数は1600万回以上、標準的な組織は7つの異なるAIプロバイダーとやり取りするようになっています。そしてAIはもはや企業のごく一部ではありません。日々の業務に組み込まれています。この変化が3つの問題を生み出しましたが、これらはすべて2026年前半にダークトレースによって観測されています。

1. 攻撃倍増装置としてのAI

ダークトレースは、AIによって生成されたReact2Shellを悪用するマルウェアを特定しました。これは攻撃者がLLMを使用して有効なエクスプロイトコードを生成し大規模に展開したものです。脅威ランドスケープ全体で見ても同様の活動が増えており、効果的な攻撃作戦への参入障壁が崩れつつあることを示唆しています。最近のJadePuffer事例にも見られるように、エージェント型脅威アクターがインターネットに接続されたサーバーの脆弱性をエクスプロイトし、その後完全に自動化されたランサムウェア攻撃が開始されており、AIは脆弱性の公開から実際のエクスプロイトまでの過程を加速させています[1]。

2. アタックサーフェスとしてのAI

今やAIレイヤー自体も、調べてみる価値があります。あるオートメーション技術メーカーにおいて、侵害されたLLMプロキシが他のAIサービスへの踏み台として利用され、それが失敗すると攻撃者は暗号通貨マイニングに切り替えたという事例がありました。DarktraceのCyber AI Analystはこの侵入インシデントを明らかにし、Managed Threat Detectionサービスにより顧客への通知が行われたことにより、事態がそれ以上進行する前に封じ込めることができました。実務者にとっての教訓は明確です：AIゲートウェイ、プロキシ、モデルエンドポイントは、本番環境のクラウドワークロードと同様に扱うべきです。なぜなら、攻撃者は既にそうしているからです。

3. 信頼される、ただしリスクもあるアクターとしてのAI

Darktrace/ SECURE AIの観測結果からわかることは、最も一般的な現実世界のリスクはさらに判別が難しいということです。従業員が、個人識別情報（PII）、税務記録、身分証明書、会社の財務データ、人事記録、個人の医療データをLLMのプロンプトに入力することや、シャドーAIの蔓延、そしてモバイルデバイスからのAI使用の増加が挙げられます。28日間で約28,000人のユーザーから送信された約280,000件のプロンプトのうち、Darktraceはこれらのプロンプトの約1%（2,945件）に機密性の高いデータが含まれていることを特定しました。*

‍_{*プロンプトデータはユーザーのプライバシーを保護するために、集積および匿名化された形で分析されました。}

防御者にとって、課題はコンテキストです。つまり、正当なビジネス利用が重大なリスクに変わるタイミングを、プライバシーやユーザーの信頼を損なうことなく見極めることです。組織がAIシステムをますます信頼し、AIがマシンスピードで機密情報にアクセス、処理、共有するようになるなかで、アイデンティティ、アプリケーション、クラウドインフラと同様に、AIも保護および監視されなければなりません。

スピードと地政学：迅速な作戦、長期的な目標

2026年前半に行われたいくつかの調査では、攻撃者が新たに公開された脆弱性をいかに迅速に実用化し、パッチ適用サイクルが完了する前にOAST（Out-of-Band Application Security Testing）インフラおよび信頼されたクラウドサービスを通じてエクスプロイト検証を行っているかが明らかになりました。React2Shellは2時間で侵害され、BeyondTrustのエクスプロイトも1日未満で発生しました。このような状況の中で、国家を背後に持つ脅威アクターは、引き続き正当なサービス、クラウドインフラ、および信頼関係を通じた、長期的なアクセス、情報収集、および事前配置に重点を置いています。中国、ロシア、イラン、北朝鮮（DPRK）を背後に持つ作戦は共通の特徴を持っています。それは即座に混乱を起こすことよりも、永続化と戦略的な配置を優先するということです。

中国：ダークトレースは、中国系アクターが信頼されるサービス、DLLサイドローディング、およびモジュール型の侵入チェーンを通じた長期的なアクセスの獲得を優先している状況を確認しています。これはCrimson Echoレポートでも解説され、Twill Typhoonの手法に関連するアクティビティと一致しています。

イラン：ダークトレースによるZionSiphonの調査は、イランに関連するアクターのOT環境への関心を浮き彫りにし、諜報目的とインフラ破壊能力を融合させている実態を明らかにしています。

ロシア：ダークトレースによる調査、および業界全体のさまざまな報告は、ロシアがウクライナ関連の支援に関する長期的な情報収集のために、信頼関係とサプライチェーンを標的としていることを明らかにしています[2]。

北朝鮮：ダークトレースは、脆弱性の迅速な武器化と永続的アクセス技術を組み合わせた北朝鮮関連の活動を観測ししています。これにはAxiosのサプライチェーン侵害、React2Shellエクスプロイト、ステルス性のmacOS侵入が含まれています。

目的は脅威アクターによって異なっていましたが、手法は非常に一貫していました。信頼されるサービス、正当なインフラ、そして永続的アクセスは、即時の混乱よりも価値が高いことが示されています。

防御者のシフト

アイデンティティの侵害、サプライチェーン攻撃、SaaSの悪用、AIインフラの標的化、国家が支援する作戦、いずれのケースにおいても、攻撃者は防御のコントロールを突破するのではなく、信頼されたシステムを通じて行動することで成功を収めることが増えています。信頼されるユーザー、信頼されるソフトウェア、信頼されるインフラチャ、そしてますます信頼されるAIシステムは、すべて有効な攻撃経路となりました。

防御者にとっての課題はもはや、単にあるアクションが許可されるかどうかを判断することではなく、そのアクションがより広いコンテキストの中で正当かどうかを見極めることです。認証、評判、出自は依然として重要ですが、それだけではもはや十分とは言えません。攻撃者がますます信頼されるシステム内で活動するようになる中で、最も強力なシグナルは多くの場合動作の逸脱です。つまり、信頼されているアクティビティが期待される振る舞いと一致しなくなった時にそれを識別することです。

本稿の執筆にはNathaniel Jones（SVP, Global Threat Intelligence）、Emma Foulger（Global Threat Research Operations Lead）、Justin Torres （Senior Cyber Analyst） Daniel Levy（Threat Hunting Data Scientist）が協力しました。

‍
編集：Ryan Traill（Content Manager）

‍

付録1：脅威調査手法

ダークトレースの脅威調査チームは、顧客の運用環境に対する詳細な調査を行ってアクティブな脅威を識別し、主要な侵害インジケーター（IoC）を特定し、関連する脅威インテリジェンスを提供しています。この調査はダークトレースの異常ベース検知に基づいたもので、脅威調査チームによる徹底した分析およびコンテキスト化が行われています。検知された脅威は関連する顧客のセキュリティチームに直ちに報告されます。顧客がダークトレースの自律遮断テクノロジーを使用している場合、これらの脅威は速やかに緩和され、エスカレーションが阻止されます。

2026年1月1日から6月30日までの期間、ダークトレースは顧客ベースにおいて多種多様なサイバー脅威を調査しました。その多くは同様のTTPおよびIoCが短い期間内に一定の数の顧客に影響を及ぼした、複数の顧客を標的とした攻撃作戦的活動であったことが判明しています。

Eメールに関連する統計は、2026年1月1日から6月30日までの間に、すべてのクラウドホスト型顧客環境におけるDarktrace / EMAILの集約されたデータから導出されています。特異な観測値を除外するために、集約を行う前に標準的なデータ品質フィルタリングが適用されています。地域別の統計は、このデータセットの関連サブセットに基づいています。

付録2：キャンペーン - 地域およびセクター別の傾向

過去6か月間の脅威ランドスケープは上記の大まかなテーマにより定義されていますが、ダークトレースの顧客基盤全体でのキャンペーンクラスタリングにより、それらがセクター、地域、産業ごとにどのように異なっているかが明らかになりました。

ダークトレースの脅威調査チームは、顧客ベースに影響を与えるさまざまな脅威を調査しています。この調査を通じて、共通のTTPやインフラが観察され、短期間で多くの顧客に影響を与える、攻撃キャンペーンのような活動のクラスターが特定されました。

セクターおよび産業は、一貫した分類を確保するために標準産業分類（SIC）システムを使用して分類されています。本レポートのセクターおよび地域別の考察は、より広範な世界的な傾向を反映している一方で、ダークトレースの顧客基盤の分布にも影響を受けています。例えば、金融、製造、教育分野はダークトレースの顧客の中で多く、これらのセクターで観測される事例数が多くなる可能性があります。これは必ずしも特定のセクターにおけるリスクが高いことを示すものではなく、顧客の分布を反映しています。同様に、地域の傾向はダークトレースの顧客の地理的分布によって影響を受ける可能性があります。

2026年前半にダークトレースの脅威調査チームによって特定されたキャンペーンクラスターの分析では、明確な地域別の傾向が明らかになりました：

ヨーロッパ、中東、アフリカ（EMEA）がすべてのキャンペーンクラスター事例の60%を占めており支配的でした。
アメリカ大陸（AMS）は、その次に影響が大きかった地域でありキャンペーンクラスター事例の30%を占めていました。
アジア太平洋および日本（APJ）地域はキャンペーンクラスターの影響をあまり受けていませんでした。これは脅威アクターがこの地域の優先度を低くし、代わりに他の地域に注力した可能性を示しています。

産業セクターの標的化も地域によって大きく異なりました：

EMEA地域では、情報通信分野が大きく影響を受け、全体の25%を占めました。
対照的に、AMSでは標的はより均等に分布しており、教育、行政機関および防衛、金融および保険の各セクターがいずれもAMS地域の事例の20%以上を占めていました。
APJ地域ではキャンペーン活動はより均等に分散しており、特定のセクターが支配的な標的として浮上することはありませんでした。

いくつかの国はそれぞれの地域内でも際立った特徴がありました：

米国はAMS内のすべてのキャンペーンクラスターの60%を占めていました。
日本はAPJ全体のキャンペーン事例の40%を占めました。
EMEA地域では、英国とジンバブエがそれぞれ特定された事例の23%を占めており、両国ともさまざまなキャンペーンのタイプに影響を受けています。

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Inside the SOCおよび2026年度脅威調査の月次傾向：アクセスからインパクトまで

Month	Dominant Themes
January	Voice phishing, VPS infrastructure, WebSocket C2, RMM abuse, ransomware, infostealers (StealC), and trojanized installers (7-Zip).
February	Voice phishing, VPN intrusion, edge infrastructure compromise (BeyondTrust), and RMM abuse.
March	Sustained supply chain compromise (Hola VPN, Axios, Trivy), malicious browser extensions, phishing, and discovery tools.
April	Account creation abuse, payload delivery, VPN credential abuse, Fortinet exploitation, and botnet activity.
May	PowerShell, EtherHiding, data exfiltration, VPN access, business email compromise (BEC), ClickFix, and infostealers (AMOS).
June	RDP abuse, device registration, RMM usage, voice phishing, cloud data theft, botnet activity, blockchain abuse, ClickFix, and infostealers (AMOS).